Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is an Indian city and union territory that includes New Delhi, the country’s capital. Delhi shares borders with the states of Uttar Pradesh in the east and Haryana in the remaining directions, straddling the Yamuna river, primarily on its western or right bank. The NCT has a total area of 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi).

The city is home to numerous monuments, prestigious educational institutions, high-rise skyscrapers, world-class medical facilities, and mouth-watering cuisine. In addition, top politicians and bureaucrats reside in this lovely city.

Here is the list of the best 16 posh residential areas of Delhi.

Prithviraj Road

Prithviraj Road is a tree-lined trail lined with luxurious bungalows owned by prominent figures such as L.K Advani, Atul Punj (chairman of Punj Lloyd Group), Renuka Talwar (daughter of DLF chairman KP Singh), RP Goenka, Bollywood actress Sonam Kapoor and her husband Anand Ahuja, and many more. Furthermore, it is surrounded by embassies from Spain, Venezuela, and Mexico, making Prithviraj Road one of Delhi’s most affluent neighbourhoods.

Another factor that makes this road a top residential area in Delhi is the presence of shopping centres such as Santushti Complex and Khan Market. One of Delhi’s most exclusive neighbourhoods, the houses here are exorbitantly priced and will leave you speechless.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Mealability The Flavor of Kashmir, Pickwick, Chor Bizarre, Sevilla, Kothi No 1, Varq.
• Best cafes: Banvari Tea Stall, Coffee Lounge IIC Level 1, Perch Wine & Coffee Bar, Bloom Cafe and Cakery.
• Average Property Price: INR 80,962 per sq-ft.

Jor Bagh

Jor Bagh, a most posh area in south Delhi, is close to Safdarjung Tomb and is served by the Jor Bagh Metro Station. Its proximity to lifestyle avenues such as malls, connectivity to other strategic locations and historic monuments, and overall liveability index place it among the top ten most expensive areas to live in Delhi.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Veer Jee Restaurant, Grden Chef, Chicken Point, Verma’s, Biryani Behtareen.
• Best cafes: NDMC stall Coffee Shop (Sunny Shop), Ping’s Cafe Orient, Carnatic Cafe, Starbucks Coffee.
• Average Property Price: INR 73,075 per sq-ft.

Defense Colony

Defence Colony, also known as Def Col by locals, is located in the heart of Delhi. The neighbourhood is one of the wealthiest in Delhi and is considered a posh area. The seamless metro connectivity, easy access to hospitals, public transportation, and all the facilities required to maintain a quality lifestyle make this neighbourhood a popular choice among home buyers.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: The Turkey Project, BLAQ- A Coqtail Affair, Ek Bar, Underpass, Behrouz Biryani, 28 Capri Italy, Aka Saka, Sagar Ratna, Swagath, Moets Sizzlers, Moet’s Shack,
• Best cafes: Meraki Cafe & Bar, Chai Point, Oak Cafe & Bar, Cafe Yell, Defence Bakery, Amici Cafe, Arabian Delites, Moet’s Sizzlers, Uncle Tango, Aku’s – The Burger Co., L’Opéra.
• Average Property Price: INR 33,875 per sq-ft.

Model Town

Despite the fact that the majority of Delhi’s posh areas are in South Delhi. However, ongoing real estate development and investment by real estate developers has allowed several North and West Delhi neighbourhoods to thrive. Model Town in North Delhi is one such affluent neighbourhood.

Model Town is a posh neighbourhood in North Delhi with significant historical significance. The DLF Group developed this locality in Delhi in the early 1950s, and it became the city’s first affluent neighbourhood after independence. Model Town in Delhi is home to several luxurious duplexes and flats that appeal to homebuyers.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Grand Plaza, Angel Walk, Tasty Noodle Twist, Linx, Chache Di Hatti, Eating Corner, Hot Pot, Penta Cafeteria, The Dragon Hucks, Nut Khut Caterers, The Host, Sahni Fish Corner.
• Best cafes: Cubano Cafe, The Model Town Cafe, BARISTA Coffee Shop, Masson’s.
• Average Property Price: INR 17,666 per sq-ft.

New Friends Colony

New Friends is one of South Delhi’s most prosperous and wealthy neighbourhoods. The neighbourhood is divided into two sections: East and West, where property prices are sky high and the crowd is super elite, housing some of Delhi’s oldest residents. It is home to one of the capital’s oldest luxury hotels, The Surya, as well as a lively community market with some of the city’s favourite restaurants, pubs, and casual eateries that never fail to impress, as well as the well-known New Friends Club, which is still an eminent spot in the capital.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Sampan, Barbeque Nation, Lotus Pond, Upgrade Kitchen & Bar, Ssence, Kalamata, Atrium Bar & Lounge, Sticky Rice, In-Q, Camillos, French Crust, Little Istanbul by Nazeer, Onyx Bar, Rampur Kitchen.
• Best cafes: Chargrill Pizza Cafe, Deli Bombay Cafe & Delicatessen, Theobroma, Stories By Bhai G, Cafe Coffee Day, Blue Tokai Coffee.
• Average Property Price: INR 17,771 per sq-ft.

Panchsheel Park

Panchsheel Park, another coveted residential area for the city’s rich and famous, is located on Delhi’s Outer Ring Road. Panchsheel Enclave is to the east, Hauz Khas is to the west, Asian Games Village is to the north, and Malviya Nagar is to the south. This residential development also includes the Panchsheel Club, which includes a terrace garden, poolside café, senior citizen’s lounge, party hall, and other amenities. This upscale neighbourhood in Delhi features bungalows, individual houses, and independent floors. It is home to a number of diplomats, retired politicians, bureaucrats, and other high-ranking officials.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: U Kitchen, Aalis Kathi Kabab, Kake Da Hotel, Golden Dragon, Pepper Corn Express, GoGourmet, Addicted- Freshly Baked, Imly, Tamarind, KLEO, Udman By Ferns & Petal.
• Best cafes: The Brown Box, Suribachi Cafe, Cafe Rendezvous, Café Desmo, Imly Affair.
• Average Property Price: INR 20,624 per sq-ft.

Greater Kailash

It is one of the most expensive areas in Delhi. The locality, also known as GK, is divided into two parts: Part 1 and Part 2. Greater Kailash is home to not only celebrities and politicians, but also some of the most prominent retail brands. The neighbourhood receives a 9/10 for liveability, with numerous healthcare facilities, schools, and other amenities nearby.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: mamas Buoi Courtyard, YOU MEE, Mensho Tokyo, Madam Chutney, Deja Brew, In The Punjab, Bella Ciao, Uber Lounge, Truth Restro Bar, FatJar Cafe & Market, Oh! Calcutta, The Big Chill, The Chatter House, Empress of China, Royal China, Blooms, Singh Sahib, Epicuria, House Of Tigers, Elation, Bercos, Gastronomica, Moti Mahal Deluxe, Londoners, Nostalgia Blues Bar & Grill, Kori’s,
• Best cafes: Laidback Cafe, HOP House OF Proteins, The Potbelly Rooftop Cafe, Sakley’s – The Mountain Cafe, Roadhouse Cafe, Music & Mountains – Hillside Cafe, Cafe Culture, The Salad Story, Doner Grill, Greenr Cafe, Coffee Bond, Mad Over Donuts, Whiz Cafe, Chungwa.
• Average Property Price: INR 24,374 per sq-ft.

Shanti Niketan

Shanti Niketan, formerly an exclusive housing colony for government officials, is now a sought-after address. Considered one of Delhi’s posh areas, its strategic location near other high-end localities such as Chanakyapuri and even Vasant Vihar has added to its allure. The liveability index is undeniably high, with top business leaders favouring it.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Swami Dosai, Art of Masala, The Mint, Ada-E-Handi, Big Yellow Door.
• Best cafes: South Side Cafe, Cafe Diaries.
• Average Property Price: INR 49,157 per sq-ft.

Vasant Vihar

Vasant Vihar is a posh neighbourhood in Delhi located near the IGI airport. It is home to famous celebrities, business tycoons, and wealthy families. Perhaps they take their private jets directly from their garage to the airport.

It also had the first-ever PVR theatre, which is located in Vasant Vihar’s iconic Priya market. With several restaurants and places to hang out, as well as prestigious college campuses like IIT Delhi, JNU, and DU South campus nearby, it is one of Delhi’s most popular locations.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Cascades, Purple Greene – Global Gourmet, Roasted by Roseate at Vasant Kunj, Monkey Bar Delhi, Chili’s Grill & Bar, Barbeque Nation, Punjabi by Nature, Jamie’s Italian, Caraway, Smoke House Deli, Cha Shi, Kino Ba, Ano Tai, FCO, Miss Pinto, Krips Restaurant, The Golden Dragon, The Asia Kitchen, Big Wong XL,
• Best cafes: Cafe E, Big Chill, Cafe Resto, Greenr Cafe, The Chocolate Room, Salad Chef, The Pint Room, Cafe E, Fabcafe by Fabindia, Costa Coffee, The Bikers Cafe, Cafe Coffee Day, On The Go, Cinnabon, Cheela Cafe, Cafe Connect, The Big Fat Sandwich, The Beer Cafe.
• Average Property Price: INR 35,684 per sq-ft.

Gulmohar Park

Gulmohar Park, located in a posh neighbourhood of South Delhi, is a top residential area in Delhi maintained by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA). This neighbourhood was founded by a group of journalists, and it is now one of the most peaceful places to live in the bustling city of Delhi. Some of the most well-known names in the Bollywood industry, including Amitabh Bachchan, as well as top journalists, business tycoons, and other notable individuals, own properties here.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Parathe Wala, Purvi’s Kitchen Dakshin, Gulmohar Club, Chinese Yard, Bhatti Chicken Wings, La Cocina Restaurant, Souza Lobo, Annapurna Restaurant.
• Best cafes: Cafe 99, Mom’s Cake, Anna Cafe, The Orange Bakery, Singh’s Cafe, Chords and Coffee – The Music Store Café, Mokart Gautam Nagar, The cake venue
• Average Property Price: INR 25,593 per sq-ft.

Sundar Nagar

How could we overlook Sundar Nagar in this exclusive list of top posh areas in Delhi? Sundar Nagar, located in the heart of Delhi, is a high-yielding neighbourhood. This neighbourhood has excellent access to popular destinations such as the Old Fort, Zoological Park, Khan Market, Nizamuddin, and many others. Sundar Nagar’s local market attracts residents for its artsy and classy products because it is home to numerous handicraft stores and craft houses.

Sundar Nagar has large plot sizes and overlooks the beautiful zoological gardens, which is one of the many reasons why Delhi’s ultra-rich residents spend millions of dollars on homes in this coveted neighbourhood. If you buy a home in this affluent area of Delhi, your neighbours will mostly be industrialists and lawyers.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Saz, The Burger Corp., Kamal’s, Number 8, Orange Peel By Rasleen Kocchar, Basil & Thyme, Masala House, Nathu’s Sweets.
• Best cafes: Cool Point Cafe, Bully Cafe, Cafe Lota.
• Average Property Price: INR 75,408 per sq-ft.

Hauz Khas

Hauz Khas is one of Delhi’s most opulent and popular posh neighbourhoods. The best thing about Hauz Khas is that it is well connected to most of Delhi’s popular areas. The neighbourhood primarily provides multistory and builder floor apartments of various sizes. It has some of the most luxurious and finest bungalows that are surrounded by greenery and scenic beauty. Hauz Khas has numerous shopping complexes, roadside markets, and hangout avenues, making it one of the best places for non-residents.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Naivedyam, Hauz Khas Social, Smoke House Deli, Mia Bella, The Golconda Bowl, Yeti, The Himalayan Cuisine, Lama Kitchen, Rabbit Hole, Fork You Steak House & Burger Bar, Imperfecto, Maquina, Asia Kitchen, Hauz Khas Village, The Bunk House.
• Best cafes: Coast Cafe, Elma’s Bakery, Out of The Box, Amour – The Patio Restaurant Cafe & Bar, Moonshine Cafe & Bar, Woodchuck, Kunzum Travel Cafe
• Average Property Price: INR 23,125 per sq-ft.

Golf Links

Golf Links has long been considered one of Delhi’s most affluent neighbourhoods. It is situated in the heart of Lutyens Delhi, close to the Delhi Golf Course, from which it derives its name. It is one of the most expensive areas in the country, with some of the most luxurious real estate in Delhi.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: King Kabab Corner, Travertino – The Oberoi.
• Average Property Price: INR 130,205 per sq-ft.

Lutyens Bungalow Zone

The Lutyens Bungalow Zone in Lutyens Delhi is undeniably the most opulent area in the capital, and it is home to the city’s long list of politicians, industrialists, and well-known business tycoons. The neighbourhood was named after British architect Edwin Lutyens, who created the design with neatly laid out streets, lush green gardens, and a number of chic spots.

It is home to the majority of cross-country embassies, grand five-star hotels, and the buzzing Connaught Place market, the capital’s beating heart. This zone includes Prithvi Raj Road and Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road, and the houses here are among the most expensive in the city, if not the country!

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Tian – Asian Cuisine Studio, The Pavilion, Orient Express, Ottimo at West View, Dum Pukht, MKT, Bukhara, Capital Kitchen, Sanadige Delhi, Lazeez Affaire, Masala Art, Spicy Duck, Golf Bar, Side Wok, The Potbelly, Fez Dining and Bar, Alkauser.
• Best cafes: Amour Bistro, abelle – The Chocolate Boutique @ ITC Maurya, Cafe C, The Salad Story, Viva O’ Viva, Diggin, NicoCaara, Starbucks, It’s9 Bakery Cafe, Too Mikkii Tapas, Tea Lounge, The Cafe, The House of Tea (THT) By Foodhall, Sancha Tea Boutique.
• Average Property Price: INR 115,125 per sq-ft.

Jangpura Extension

This established south Delhi neighbourhood, connected by the Jangpura Extn Metro station, boasts access to all lifestyle, healthcare, and leisure avenues and is frequented by tourists, locals, and expats.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Barbeque Nation, Instapizza, Pinka’s Rasoi, Deez Biryani Corner Restaurant, The Kitchen, Kadimi Sweets, China Hut.
• Best cafes: Olio Bistro, Brosis, Hishi Cafe, D Streat Cafe, InnerChef, Chef Joint, Novelty Dairy & Stores.
• Average Property Price: INR 17,603 per sq-ft.

Kailash Colony

Another posh colony in Delhi is Kailash Colony. It is well connected to the rest of the NCR region via metro and other modes of transportation. Real estate prices can reach a whopping 85 crores. And we were naive (or just middle-class) enough to believe that its residents would take the metro.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Radio Station, Fuego X, Your Hideout, Padmanabham, Idiots, Seemly Kitchen, Sanjha Chulha, Saleem’s Restaurant, Konfidential
• Best cafes: fatJar cafe & Market, Cafe 27, Uncultured Cafe & Bar, The Snook House Cafe, Binge, Creme N Crisp, The Snook Hook Cafe.
• Average Property Price: INR 25,597 per sq-ft.

So, here is a detailed list of the 16 top posh areas in Delhi to consider when relocating to the city. The peaceful environment, excellent infrastructure, metro connectivity, and cutting-edge facilities make these 16 posh residential areas in Delhi the most desirable places to live.

Hyderabad has it all! Telugu Cinema, A+ high-tech culture, delicious biryani, ancient history, and the stunning Charminar! The city is still growing and developing – digitally and in terms of infrastructure. It has proven to be a pleasant place to live. Hyderabad is regarded as one of India’s best metropolitan areas. Read on to know a list of Hyderabad’s upscale neighbourhoods!

Here is the list of the best 13 posh areas of Hyderabad:

1. Banjara Hills

Banjara Hills is located in the northwestern part of Hyderabad, is one of the most affluent and preferred localities. It is a well-developed residential and commercial neighbourhood, That is well-known for its large commercial ventures such as restaurants, shopping malls, and hotels. It has access to the Hyderabad metro’s red and blue lines, which connect to employment hubs such as International Tech Park and Mindspace Madhapur IT Park. This neighbourhood is dominated by independent houses and luxury apartments.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Barbeque Nation, Chutneys, Zing Sky Bar, Sahib Sindh Sultan, Our Place, Fusion 9, Southern Spice, Ohris Jiva, Ohris Tadka, 7 Sisters, Exotica, Bikanervala, Journey 1853, Hard Rock Cafe, IQ Bar, Cayenne, Arena, Chinese Pavilion.
• Best Cafes: Aura Cafe, Concu, Sage Farm Cafe, Beyond Coffee, Van Lavino, Roastery Coffee House, The Gallery Cafe, Feranoz Patisserie and Café, Terrassen Cafe, The Joint – Bar and Cafe, Ofen, Waffle House, FullFills – All Day Cafe, Cafe Graffiti, The Pet Cafe Hyderabad.
• Average Property Price: INR 15,270 per sq-ft.

2. Jubilee Hills

Jubilee Hills is a posh neighbourhood in Hyderabad’s western outskirts. It is located between Banjara Hills and Hitech City, a prominent IT hub. It homes many celebrities live there, including actors, politicians, and business magnets. It is also home to major media outlets such as TV 9, NTV, T News, and CVR news. Apart from this it is well connected to the Hyderabad metro’s blue line. Jubilee Hills houses excellent amenities and it also close to amazing healthcare facilities such as Apollo Hospital and Oakridge Hospital. BNR Brilliant High School and Siva Sivani Public School are among the few schools in the area.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Tre-Forni, Rayalaseema Ruchulu, Chill Restaurant & Terrace, Sarvi Restaurant, Krishnapatnam, Air Live, Vivaha Bhojnambu, So, The Sky Building, President Dhaba Bar & Kitchen, 36 Downtown, Chubby Cho, Medley.
• Best Cafes: Autumn Leaf Café, Conçu, Theory Café & Dessert Bar, Humming Bird Café, Sage Farm Café, Farzi Café, Foncé Chocolatier, Sobremesa: Bakehouse Café ‘ Kitchen, Nue Café, Bel Posto The Café.
• Average Property Price: INR 21,348 per sq-ft.

3. Gachibowli

Gachibowli is a well-known and affluent residential district in Hyderabad. It is close to Hitech City and is home to a number of well-known corporations (Accenture, Microsoft, TCS, Amazon, and so on), making it a popular working professional destination. It has everything you need for social and retail activities. It is well-known for its sports facilities, as well as IT companies. It offers residents a comfortable living environment complete with all amenities.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Amara, Daily Treats, Kanak, Prego, Indus – Coffee Shop & Multi-Cuisine Restaurant, Raise The Bar, The Globe Grub, Elsewhere Lounge & Kitchen, Flechazo, ABs- Absolute Barbeques, 10 Downing Street, Buffalo Wild Wings.
• Best Cafes: Good Vibes Only Cafe, Heart Cup Coffee, Skyhy Live, The Tilt Republic Bar, 3Bs- Buddies, Bar & barbecues, Drunkyard, Kangan, Mazzo, Ohm, Casbah, Mix.
• Average Property Price: INR 6,968 per sq-ft.

4. HITECH City

HITECH City is another upscale neighbourhood spread across 200 acres. It is just 2 kilometres away from Jubilee Hills. In 1998, the then-Indian prime minister, late Atal Bihari Vajpayee, inaugurated this well-planned area founded by former Andhra Pradesh chief minister N Chandrababu Naidu. HITEC City is an abbreviation for the Hyderabad Information Technology and Engineering Consultancy City, and the name is self-explanatory. This area is not only the city’s IT nerve centre, but it is also a hub of healthcare and financial services.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Pakka Telugu, Red Lion, Buddha Bowl, Goosebumps- Bar & Grill, A’La Liberty, Exotica, Ohri’s Sahib’s Barbecue, Red Rhino, Hard Rock Cafe, Little Italy, Pi, Seasonal Taste, Rotis, Deccan Serai, Ming Ustad, Prego.
• Best Cafes: Cafe Eclat, The Old Madras Baking Company, Waffle House, Barista Lavazza, rCaisse Cafe, Whiteboard Cafe, The Chocolate Room, Tea Lounge, Karachi Cafe, La cafe, Digital IT cafe.
• Average Property Price: INR 12,247 per sq-ft.

5. Manikonda

Manikonda, which is home to many upscale apartment complexes, has emerged as a top choice for young and affluent professionals. The area is home to the headquarters of several IT behemoths, as well as Lanco Hills, a USD 1.5 billion high-rise luxury residential development.

This location is popular among high-income professionals and businessmen due to its proximity to Hyderabad’s IT hubs and the availability of swanky properties with breathtaking interiors.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Asian Aroma, Mehfil, Beijing Bites, Raju Gari Biryani, Pachi Pulusu, Grand Kakatiya Multicuisine Restaurant, Zomoz, Firewood Biryanis, H2O Eat Palm Train.
• Best Cafes: Good Vibes Only Cafe, Auberry The Bake Shop, The Thickshake Factory, Swiss Cafe, Euphoria Bakers, 180 Oven Cafe And Bistro.
• Average Property Price: INR 7,068 per sq-ft.

6. Kondapur

Kondapur is one of Hyderabad’s most affluent neighbourhoods. It is located halfway between HITEC City and Gachibowli. The neighbourhood has grown dramatically in recent years. The best part is that the area is well connected to various employment centres such as HITEC City and Cyberabad Information Technology Zone. Another advantage is that it has a variety of well-planned and developed residential layouts, which makes it easy for property buyers to find the property of their choice.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Gandikota’s Coastal Spices, Platform 65, Manchi Baphe, Bikanervala, 7 Sisters Hitex, Air Live, Palamuru Grill, Maryada Ramanna, Myboli Maharashtrian Kitchen.
• Best Cafes: Desi Chai Adda Cafe, Heart Cup Coffee, Glocal Junction, Punjabi Affair, China Bistro, Blue Fox, Barbeque Holic, The Night Bird Bar & Cafe, 1989 Pizza & Thick Shakes, ZZA Cafe, Caffe Ritazza, World Of Tortillas, The Bake Factory,
• Average Property Price: INR 7,931 per sq-ft.

7. KothaGuda

KothaGuda is located in Hyderabad’s southern zone. It is another popular posh neighbourhood. The location is an incredible coastal lifestyle destination with ideal climate conditions, charming regions, and stunning beaches.

KothaGuda has an excellent social infrastructure that is packed with useful amenities such as schools, colleges, medical centres, shopping malls, and commercial establishments. It also provides good access to the city’s major areas. The neighbourhood is surrounded by major cities such as Ghatkesar, Uppal, Shamshabad, Nalgonda, and Gachibowli.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Barbeque Nation, Ju Yuan, Artistry, Salaam Namste, Lazeez Khana, Biryani Vs Pulav, Saharsh Udupi Grand.
• Best Cafes: Heart Cup Coffee, Proxy Bar & Cafe, Barista.
• Average Property Price: INR 8,794 per sq-ft.

8. Abids

Abids, Hyderabad’s well-known commercial district, has a number of apartments as well. The region, which is one of the city’s oldest districts, provides easy access to historical structures. Shopping malls, bustling marketplaces, banks, ATMs, restaurants, and other important services and resources are available in this posh area of Hyderabad.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: G. Pulla Reddy, Abids Bistro, Kamat Hotel Restaurant, Prem Di Rasoi, Barbeque Spice, Scotchman, Bench Cafe & Restaurant, Palace Heights, Mini Punjab.
• Best Cafes: Oye Rock N Roll, Cafeine, The Great Bawarchi.
• Average Property Price: INR 5,883 per sq-ft.

9. Begumpet

Begumpet is well-known for its commercial and residential areas. It was once considered insignificant, but it has undergone significant transformation over the years and is now a posh neighbourhood in Hyderabad. A number of government offices as well as other multinational corporations are located in this area. The area is convenient for residents and reasonably priced.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Ohri’s Jiva, Jalpaan, Downing Street, Mezbaan Restaurant, Hashi Izakaya- Asian Bar & Kitchen, Ohri’s Eatmor, Pyramid- Lounge & Pub, Tulips, Saffrom Soul, The Bar Project.
• Best Cafes: Brew Bakes Cafe, Bambai Tapri, Cafe Elaichi, Cafe Coffee Day.
• Average Property Price: INR 8,055 per sq-ft.

10. Ameerpet

Ameerpet is a commercial and residential district in Hyderabad’s northwest. There are numerous commercial and residential units. This location is convenient to schools, clinics, pharmacies, supermarkets, banking, parks, and other amenities. There are software education and training institutes in Ameerpet. It is popular among students and bachelors. Despite being a key Hyderabad posh area, undergraduates and students may find affordable PGs here. Families like the neighbourhood because of the affordable housing. Other Hyderabad neighbourhoods appear to like Ameerpet.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Country Dine, Country Oven, Fishland Restaurant, Rayalaseema Ruchulu, Lazeez Khaana, Chinese Wok, Aritaaku Bhojnam, Promenade, Biryanis and More.
• Best Cafes: Harry’s- The Pub, The Milkshakes Factory, House of Milkshakes, Petoo, The French Caffe.
• Average Property Price: INR 11,772 per sq-ft.

11. Kukatpally

Kukatpally is a neighbourhood in Hyderabad. It has more people and better facilities. Despite being one of Hyderabad’s wealthiest areas, Kukatpally offers plenty of affordable housing, infrastructure, and public services. The location provides easy access to HITEC City and other cities. Due to its low rental and property prices, Kukatpally is one of Hyderabad’s most popular residential areas.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Gravity Restro Bar, Gravity Tarrance Lounge, Krishnapatnam, Platform 65, Barbeque Nation, Flechazo, Panch Sau.
• Best Cafes: Bhookmark, Cafe Cupz, Cafe Coffee Day, Destination Cafe.
• Average Property Price: INR 8,241 per sq-ft.

12. Somajiguda

Somajiguda is a well-known commercial and corporate district in Hyderabad. It’s a quiet residential neighbourhood with excellent infrastructure and public services. Excellent schools, corporations, healthcare, banks, restaurants, parks, and lodging are all nearby. The area is popular with both bachelors and families. Somajiguda has good access to other cities. Buses and subways make city travel more convenient.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Headquarters, Alsh, Verandah, Kismet, Esthio Eat more, Seven Spices, Kuchipudi, Kasuall,
• Best Cafes: Roastery Coffee at Sicca Bar, Adda- The Cafe & Club, Eagles Pizza, Cafe Coffee Day, Ice n Spice, Rocket Fuel Cafe,
• Average Property Price: INR 8,743 per sq-ft.

13. SR Nagar

Sanjeeva Reddy Nagar is also known as SR Nagar in Hyderabad. It is mostly residential. It was named by India’s sixth president, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy. It’s a peaceful, lovely neighbourhood with lots of trees and is beautifully scenic. The neighbourhood is well-connected and planned for major highways. The number of houses and apartments in this neighbourhood is growing. Here’s a budget for low-cost housing. Property prices and rentals are low in this area of Hyderabad. Bachelors and families like the neighbourhood because of the low rental and property prices. The region has parks, playgrounds, and recreation centres.

Key points:

• Best Restaurants: Gayathri Bhavan, Santosh Dhaba, Captain Cook, Pizza Hut, Nandhini Restaurant & Bar.
• Best Cafes: Cafe Coffee Day, Makers of Milkshakes, Cream Shakes, Loventila, The Tim Cafe,
• Average Property Price: INR 7,899 per sq-ft.

Hyderabad’s IT industry and real estate market are thriving. As a result, the city provides numerous job opportunities. Hyderabad is also a reasonably priced city to live in. The blog above clearly states the posh areas in Hyderabad as well as their real estate prices.

The modern urban sprawl has been the reason for the growth of tenant-landlord agreements exponentially. In many instances, the tenants are expected to follow a set of unfair rules and pay unnecessary charges not mandated by the law. In other cases, we have seen misuse and even abuse by the tenant of the landlord and society’s trusting instincts, causing a nuisance, disturbing general peace, or carrying out illegal or anti-social activities.

Putting aside such extreme cases, all societies, homeowners and tenants agree upon certain ground rules for all parties to follow during the tenancy period. Let’s take a look at the housing society rules and regulations for tenants and their duties under a rental agreement.

Rights of a tenant ensured by the law

1. A lease agreement: More often than not, a tenant enters into a written and legally binding agreement with the landlord, making him entitled to receive a duplicate copy of the agreement while the owner retains the original.

2. Safe and habitable residence: A tenant should be handed a residence/flat which is clean, secure and well-maintained. If the tenant carries out any repair or restoration during his tenancy, he is expected to be reimbursed by the owner.

3. Payment receipts: The tenant should get an acknowledgement or receipt for the deposit, rent or maintenance (if any) that he has paid. Most apartment owners do not charge the members for maintenance.

4. Privacy: A landlord cannot enter the rented premises as per his whims and fancy. He has to provide a 24-hour notice to the tenant and visit during reasonable hours.

5. Guests and visitors: Tenants have the right to invite guests, family, friends and colleagues over to their apartment. If a family member or some other person not mentioned in the agreement moves in or stays for a longer period, the tenant should inform the landlord if such a requirement was initially agreed upon by both parties.

6. Access to amenities: A tenant has complete access to the societies facilities such as parks, gym, swimming pool, common areas, etc., provided the guidelines for use are duly followed.

7. Lawful actions: The landlord is not allowed to disconnect water, gas or electricity services as a means of recovering pending rent or dues from the tenant. Also, they cannot put unlawful restrictions or rules on the tenants such as unnecessary charges under false pretexts, not allowing pets in the apartment, not allowing entry after certain hours, etc.

8. Parking rights: Ideally, the owner’s parking slot is given to the tenant to park his vehicle. If not, the tenant still has the right to park inside the society premises and may be charged a predetermined amount for the service. He should not be made to park on the streets and should receive a parking badge or sticker as well.

9. Right to service staff: A tenant should be allowed to utilise the services of the society’s service staff such as cleaners, liftmen, watchmen, plumber, electrician, carpenter, etc. They should also be allowed to hire domestic help.

10. Eviction notice: The landlord cannot evict the tenant before the tenancy duration in the lease agreement, unless the member has failed to pay rent, has sub-let the residence to someone else without permission, grossly violated society’s laws, terms of the agreement, conducted himself anti-socially, or if the owner himself needs to occupy the residence. If the owner wants the tenant to move out for a genuine and unavoidable reason on his part, he has to inform the member for at least one month in advance so that they can make the necessary arrangements.

11. Right to deposit: The landlord is required to return the security deposit paid by the tenant while the agreement was signed. The landlord holds back a certain amount for unpaid dues such as gas or light bills or deducts from the deposit the amount needed to repair serious damage or destruction that occurred during the tenancy (minor wear and tear not included), but this is to be done after discussing it in detail with the tenant.

12. Right to file a complaint: If the tenant faces any harassment from the owner and if the terms of the tenancy agreement are violated by the owner, the tenant has the right to file an FIR to the police or approach the Civil Court is more severe cases (after ensuring that the owner is not hiding behind any loophole in the agreement and is illegally violating the terms).

Responsibility and duties of a tenant in a housing society

1. Pay dues on time: A tenant is required to pay his monthly rent, light and gas bill, parking charges, and any other charges agreed upon in a timely manner.

2. Maintain cleanliness: A tenant should take good care of the residence and the society premises, ensuring no damage is caused by him within the apartment/house. If he is responsible for any breakage, such as light fixtures, water heater, etc, he should get it repaired. If something stops functioning by itself or any part of the house is damaged without him having caused it, he should get it repaired and seek reimbursement from the owner.

3. Pay increased rent: At a pre-fixed rate of calculation, the monthly rent increases after the tenant completes one year and wishes to renew his stay. For e.g., in Maharashtra state, the rent increases by 10% of the original rent amount. It is the tenant’s duty to pay the increased rent.

4. Follow the rules: As a conscientious member, you must obtain a copy of the society’s bye-laws or at least familiarise yourself with the society’s membership rules/ code of conduct so as to be in compliance with what is considered acceptable and civilised behaviour in collective living.

5. Refrain from causing nuisance: A tenant should not cause inconvenience and create a nuisance to neighbours by behaving in a disrespectful way, throwing litter in society premises or strewing garbage outside the apartment, encroaching unentitled space, having big parties, blaring music, loud arguments, etc. In other words, no action of the tenant should warrant a complaint from the other residents.

6. Not to sublet: A tenant should not abandon the apartment and go missing for long periods (unless it is discussed and approved by the owner beforehand). He is not allowed to sublet the apartment to someone else illegally as most agreement clauses do not allow this. However, if it has been mutually agreed upon between the tenant and the owner (such cases occur rarely), written permission is needed by the owner.

The role of a housing society

Ideally, the housing society has no say in the homeowner’s decision to sublet his residence as he sees fit. The society is not to intervene or discriminate on the basis of racial, religious, gender or marital status of the tenant. Homeowners, upon a prior understanding with the society, prefer renting out their residence to sound, stable and reliable tenants who are usually well-screened during the initial interview process.

Animal lovers know too well the challenges of keeping a dog/pet in a housing society. To ensure that community living is not hampered in any way, there are certain pet rules in a housing society that residents must follow. To start off, the Animal Welfare Board of India has passed certain dog laws to ensure our furry companions are not harassed or treated unfairly. Both pet owners and the management must be aware of laws for pet owners living in apartments. These dog laws and awareness about pet rights help to keep the housing society functions smoothly. This article takes an in-depth look at the pet rules in housing society in India.

Pet laws in India for pet owners living in apartments

1. Ban of pets is illegal​

The advisory is being issued in pursuance of ‘Section 9(k) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960’, it is illegal for housing societies to pass pet bye laws that disallow pets, not even on a majority vote by the residents of the society. According to article 51 A (g), it is the duty of every citizen to have compassion for animals and any living creature.

2. No discrimination allowed

A housing society cannot ban pets/dogs on the basis of their breed or size. Even complaints regarding a dog’s barking habits cannot be used to ban the pet.

3. Use of common facilities

A housing society cannot ban a pet from using common facilities like lifts and parks or impose a fine or special charge for the same.

4. Cruelty is punishable

Society cannot create dog harassment laws. Any cruelty towards strays is illegal under the ‘Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. It is also a punishable offence under .

5. No ban on feeding

No resident can be barred from feeding stray dogs/cats in the locality.

6. Protected animals

Certain animals like bears, monkeys, and parakeets cannot be trained or used for entertainment under the ‘Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act’. Most rodents and reptiles are also prohibited under this act.

Role of the management committee

In view of these bye-laws for pets, society must take care not to violate rules for pets in society. Society can however still create and enforce rules and regulations of keeping dogs to ensure the welfare of the pets and the residents. The following pet guidelines can be implemented by society to maintain peace.

Pet rules in the housing society

1. Create time slots

Create time slots when the pets can access gardens, parks, and grounds.

2. Keep vaccination records

The management committee can ask for vaccination and sterilization records in case issues arise in the future.

3. Designate defecation spots

Cordon of areas outside the community premises where the pet owners can take their pets. Furthermore, society can advise pet owners to clean up after their dogs inside society as a courtesy.

4. Always accompanied by owners

When out of the house and in the society premises, the apartment association should make sure the pet is accompanied by the owner.

5. Designate feeding spots

If the residents wish to feed strays, earmark feeding spots that are not close to the residential space or children’s play areas.

6. Organise and educate

Educate the residents on animals, especially strays. The management committee can also tie-up with Animal Welfare Organisations to take care of the vaccination and sterilization needs of strays. The strays must be released back into the same locality once the vaccination is administered.

Responsibility of pet owners in the housing society

A responsible pet owner is crucial to peaceful community living. While it is important for the pet owner to be aware of the dog laws that keep them safe, they should also be aware of their responsibilities of keeping a pet as a resident in a community. These suggestions should be kept in mind when using common facilities. The following are the rules for dog owners in India.

1. Train your pet

Ensure you give your pet ample obedience training, so the dog does behave untowardly in common areas or gets provoked when amidst other residents.

2. Familiarize your pet

Society is home to many unfamiliar faces. Make sure your pet knows the surroundings he/she resides in and does not harm a stranger or cause a nuisance.

3. Vaccinate on time

All vaccinations must be administered on a timely basis. For cats, Anti- Rabies and Feligen/TriCat must be renewed every year. Dogs must be vaccinated with Anti-Rabies, DHLPPi, and KC vaccines every year. Medications must be administered in case your pet is suffering from any illness. When your housing society organises vaccination or sterilisation drives for strays, participate and encourage other pet owners to actively take part in the proceedings.

4. Follow the rules of society

Before renting or buying a place, make it a point to go through society by-laws and advisories. Adhere to them to avoid hassling other residents. If your society has dedicated time slots for your pets to access parks and gardens, make sure you stick to them.

5. Clean up after

The main concern that most people have is cleanliness, so make sure your pet is toilet trained. It is advisable for pet owners to clean up after their furry pal, if he/she has an accident inside the society premises, even if it is not required by law. It is also advisable to maintain the hygiene of your pet for their own well-being and so no one is inconvenienced. In case, you feed strays make sure there are no leftovers once the strays have had their fill.

6. Supervise your pet

The main concern that most people have is cleanliness, so make sure your pet is toilet trained. It is advisable for pet owners to clean up after their furry pal, if he/she has an accident inside the society premises, even if it is not required by law. It is also advisable to maintain the hygiene of your pet for their own well-being and so no one is inconvenienced. In case, you feed strays make sure there are no leftovers once the strays have had their fill.

7. Be a responsible pet owner

Make sure your pets get ample exercise, so they are not excessively energetic. If your pet is alone for long hours, make sure she/he has ample food, water, and toys. Make sure they do not create a nuisance in your absence.

What laws govern stray dogs in India?

The Delhi High Court (HC) has emphasised the need to create ‘guard and dog partnerships’ in consultation with the Police to train stray dogs to protect the housing society and not harm its residents as a part of the rules for stray dogs in society. This would be done in order to make sure that residents are safe from any potential harm that could come from these stray dogs.

The court has issued directives to citizens, Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) and municipal bodies regarding the feeding of stray dogs. The court observed that stray dogs must have access to food and water if there are no community dog feeders in the area. It also stated that the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) and RWAs or the municipality should work closely to create designated feeding spots where humans don’t frequent. This would give the dogs a sense of security as they are territorial in nature.

In addition, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960, particularly Section 38, provides protection for stray dogs. Dogs cannot be relocated or ejected from their domain in accordance with the Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001. Additionally, the Central Government issued an Office Memorandum in 2006 urging employees to refrain from abusing stray dogs.

However, the Delhi High Court’s judgement was briefly overturned by the Supreme Court in March 2022, largely due to the fact that stray dogs can be fed in housing communities. However, the ban was lifted in May 2022 with the justification that no citizen could be prohibited from providing stray dogs with food or water.

What is the role of an RWA in maintaining a gated society with stray dogs?

RWAs are typically responsible for maintaining the housing society. However, they may often be unaware of how to control stray dogs inside the area. This can be due to the fact that many residents feed them, which ends up increasing the stray dog population within the gated community.

With the approval of the order from HC, RWAs now need to focus on increasing awareness on the subject. RWAs can work on better implementation of Animal Birth Control (ABC) to drive sterilisation with support from AWBI. Also, the latest draft of ABC for 2022 talks about vaccination and the formation of stray monitoring committees within society. Once passed, RWAs will need to undertake activities to ensure the peaceful co-existence of stray dogs and humans.

Our animal companions are an inseparable part of our lives. With a cooperative attitude and thoughtful policies on the part of pet owners, other residents, and management committees, we can ensure the welfare of furry friends and the safety of society.

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The RT-PCR test is an accurate test for diagnosing infectious diseases, especially COVID-19. The acronym stands for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This test has become immensely popular since the emergence of the Coronavirus pandemic. A positive test is a reliable indication that you suffer from COVID-19. On the other hand, a negative test probably means good news—that you have been spared this disease. Read this article to know exactly how the RT-PCR is done and what you can expect.

What is the RT-PCR test?

Before learning how the RT-PCR is done, you must first know what it is. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test is a quick and precise way to diagnose genetic variations and infectious diseases, most prominently COVID-19. The basic premise behind the working of this test is to locate the DNA or RNA of a pathogen that causes the disease. The test can also discover abnormal cells in a sample to diagnose a disease.

The test facilitates the detection of genetic material from a particular organism, usually a virus. This is how RT-PCR is done. The presence of a virus can easily be detected with this test if the person undergoing it had the virus at the time of the test. Medical experts can also identify virus fragments even after the patient has recovered from this test.

Who should get tested for COVID-19?

As we have already learned, this test can detect infectious diseases like COVID-19. So, the experts recommend this test if you suffer from the following symptoms:

• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Diarrhoea
• Runny nose
• Muscle pain
• Fever
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Loss of taste
• Loss of smell Congestion
• Nausea or vomiting
• Congestion
• Nausea or vomiting

How does RT-PCR detect COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the culprit agent behind COVID-19. It is an RNA virus that multiplies and survives in a healthy cell after infiltrating it. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be accurately detected with the help of an RT-PCR test. In this test, the conversion of the RNA takes place to DNA via the ‘reverse transcription’ process. This conversion is the key to the detection of viruses.
Medical experts detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the respiratory specimens when the patient is in the infection’s acute phase. Samples are collected for various respiratory regions like:

• Nasal
• Nasopharyngeal swabs
• Sputum
• Lower respiratory tract aspirates
• Bronchoalveolar lavage
• Nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal aspirate

Experts treat the collected sample with chemical solutions to remove certain unwanted substances. After collection, the expert extracts only the RNA from the collected sample.

How is the RT-PCR done?

The question ‘how is RT-PCR done’ can be answered in the following three key steps:

Sample collection

Here, a healthcare provider collects respiratory material from the nose by inserting a swab. A swab is a soft tip on a flexible and long stick.

Nasal swabs and nasopharyngeal swabs are the two types of swabs used. The former collects nostrils samples while the latter collects deeper nasal cavity samples. Both types are suitable for collecting material. After collection, the swab is sealed in a tube, which is sent to a laboratory for further testing.

Extraction

The swab is sent to a laboratory in a sealed tube after collection. After receiving the sample, the laboratory scientist isolates or extracts the genetic material from the rest of the sample material.

PCR

In this step, special chemicals are used along with a PCR machine. Here, the amount of the targeted genetic material is amplified due to the hot and cold cycle. After plenty of cycles, several copies of a small portion of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material are created.

One of the tube chemicals results in the production of fluorescent light in case there is SARS-CoV-2 in the sample. When the amplification becomes significant enough, this signal can be detected by the PCR machine. Scientists use this special software to interpret the signal as a positive test result.

Method of RT-PCR testing

There are two different ways to get a test sample. The method Of RT-PCR testing can take two forms—blood test and nasal swab.

Blood test

Here, a health care professional extracts blood from your body by inserting a small needle into your vein. When the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood from the body is collected in a vial or test tube. This small amount of blood serves as the sample. The whole procedure takes just a few minutes, and you may feel a little pain when the needle is inserted.

Nasal swab

Here, samples are collected from the nostrils by a healthcare expert. The samples can be collected either from the front or the back of your nostrils. The samples may also be extracted from the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat/nose. This is the most common way of conducting RT-PCR testing.

The procedure of the nasal swab method of RT-PCR testing is as follows:

• The healthcare professional will tilt your head back.
• Then, the expert will insert a swab inside the nostril gently.
• The swab will be rotated inside the nostril.
• The swab must be left inside for 10 to 15 seconds.
• The swab is removed after 10 to 15 seconds, and the process is repeated in the other nostril.

How do the test results arrive?

A real-time RT-PCR setup has to undergo 35 cycles as per the standard procedure. As such, around 35 billion new copies of the viral DNA sections will be created. These copies pertain to each sample virus strand.

As new copies are created, marker labels attach to the DNA strands. Afterwards, a fluorescent dye is released. The machine’s computer measures this dye, and you can see this on the screen in real-time.

The computer tracks the amount of sample fluorescence after each cycle. When this amount exceeds a certain level of fluorescence, the presence of the virus is confirmed.

Scientists may also monitor how quickly this level is reached, that is, how many cycles it takes to reach this level. The fewer cycles it takes, the more severe the disease.

What is the meaning of the RT-PCR result?

A positive test result means a significant likelihood that the person is affected by Coronavirus. Sometimes, a person may be asymptomatic and display no symptoms of COVID-19, even after appearing positive on the test.

People who test positive may display only mild symptoms in some cases. In such cases, patients can recover safely in their homes without being admitted to a hospital. However, if the symptoms become severe, the person must immediately contact a healthcare provider.

A negative test result means a considerable likelihood that the person is not affected by Coronavirus. However, it could also mean that the person did not have the virus when the test was taken. So, if people receive negative test results, it does not necessarily mean that the test was ineffective.

This test is not perfect, and it is possible that the test was unable to detect the Coronavirus. So, as pointed out by clinical experts, a negative test is not a guarantee that a person is safe.

The person may still be exposed to the Coronavirus after undergoing the test and may spread the virus. As such, one must continue to take protective steps even after receiving negative RT-PCR test results.

How long after being infected do you test positive for COVID-19?

Owing to the RT-PCR test’s immense sensitivity, detecting extremely small virus material amounts is possible. This means fragments of the Coronavirus can be detected even after the patient has recovered from COVID-19 and is no longer contagious. People may test positive for a while after they contract the illness.

People whose immune systems have been compromised may experience prolonged sickness. Healthy individuals may also be re-infected by the virus.

Difference between the PCR and antigen tests

There are two types of tests for the detection of COVID-19.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): This detects the presence of the virus’s genetic material. The test also identifies the presence of the virus fragments. According to most healthcare experts, this is the most accurate and reliable test we have. The performance of this test can go on for hours.

Antigen test: This detects protein bits on antigens’ surfaces. Antigens are a type of virus. The test’s performance duration ranges from 15 minutes to half an hour. They are highly accurate but only within the first few days of the onset of symptoms.

Where to get tested?

If you display COVID-19 symptoms or were around positively tested people, get yourself tested immediately. Also, talk to your doctor about your condition and the possible consequences.

Your doctor will provide you with certain instructions after reviewing your symptoms or circumstances. This could be done either face to face or via online or a video call. If necessary, the doctor will recommend that you get a test done. The doctor may suggest a testing facility or may help you find one.

Make sure to communicate with the facility, if possible, to make preparations beforehand. You can also learn about the details of testing facilities by visiting websites on the internet.

What to expect from this test

A sample of your mucus or saliva shall be taken from your nose or throat by a healthcare expert. This is required for diagnostic testing. The collection may happen at a healthcare facility like a hospital, a doctor’s private clinic, or at a drive-up testing centre.

Professionals from home service providers such as MyGate can also be invited to a place of your convenience for sample collection.

For the nose swab, a healthcare professional will insert the cotton tip of a thin stick inside your nose. This is in order to collect a mucous sample. You may feel a slight discomfort, but it’s not a big deal.

A saliva sample is comparatively easier and more comfortable. All you have to do is spit in a tube multiple times. This way, a sample of your saliva gets collected for laboratory analysis.

If there is a need for a blood test, then expect a needle to be inserted into a part of your body, usually the arm. You may feel slight pain during this insertion but not to the degree to make you concerned.

Accuracy of the RT-PCR results

The results of the RT-PCR are not 100% accurate. False positives and negative incidents have been reported across the world. Positive results may be an indication of Coronavirus but may not entirely be accurate.

However, this does not mean that you start doubting this test. Despite not being completely precise, the test is still quite reliable. In fact, this is the best testing method we have so far to detect COVID-19.

Pros of RT-PCR testing

RT-PCR testing is an accurate and reliable test that has the following pros:

Minimally invasive– You can have this test performed in a minimally invasive manner by using nasal swabs.

Possibility of isolation– The RT-PCR can sometimes be taken from the car or home of the patient, thereby facilitating proper social distancing.

Reduced false negatives cases– Nasal swabs, especially deep ones, will have fewer false negatives compared to other tests.

Cons of RT-PCR testing

The method of RT-PCR testing is not entirely flawless. Below are the various cons of RT-PCR testing:

Long wait for the result– Sometimes, RT-PCR test results can take up to 1 to 2 weeks to be reported. This was the reality during the COVID-19 pandemic.

False negatives– The molecular tests have occasionally failed to detect the virus when the patient actually did have the virus. The ranging of the false positives rate is from 2 to 37 per cent.

Discomfort– Deep nasal swabs and needle insertions can be uncomfortable for children and older adults.

Coronavirus or SARS-CoV 2 causes the Covid-19 disease, which is now a worldwide pandemic. One of the primary modes for combating this pandemic is rapid identification of the infected persons so that subsequent treatment can begin fast, and they can be quarantined before spreading it to others.

Symptoms that should lead to testing:

• Fever
• Chills
• Loss of breath
• Respiratory problems
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Muscle pain
• Loss of smell and taste sensations
• Headache
• Body ache
• Sore throat
• Lung congestion
• Running nose
• Diarrhoea
• Nausea

Apart from these, some infected persons may not show any signs of these symptoms, but can spread the disease nevertheless, so it is crucial to undergo testing even for these asymptomatic persons.

Some IDSA (Infectious Disease Society of America) guidelines for undergoing testing are as follows:

• If anyone has been in close contact as within 6 feet of an infected person and exposed for more than 15 minutes.
• If one has participated in any public event like mass gatherings, marriage, or any party, travelled recently, or has been confined within an enclosed area with large crowds.
• Before any major surgery or during immunosuppressive therapy, as they are more at risk.
• Before any organ transplantation or stem cell surgery.
• Before and after childbirth.
• Repeat testing in suspected individuals even when primary test results are negative.

Types of testing for Covid-19

There are multiple diagnostic tests and antibody test types for Covid-19.

Diagnostic tests are important for detecting active infection in a person. These are mainly 2 types:

• Molecular tests, like the RT-PCR test for Covid-19.
• Antigen-based rapid test for Covid.

The antigen-based test identifies typical surface antigens present within the sample using immune-chromatographic methods. Though it is effective for identifying acute cases and is handier as it can be performed at home, the sensitivity is lower than molecular methods, about 30–40 % less. Hence, it can’t be used as a confirmatory test for Covid diagnosis and needs to be followed by molecular ones.

Sample collection

Samples are typically collected by using a cotton swab, a long tube with sterile cotton attached at one end enclosed within a capped sterile tube.

The samples tested for the Covid-19 Rt-PCR test, primarily, are:

• Anterior nares (Nasal) – Samples collected from the nostrils.
• Mid-turbinate – Samples from deep within the nose.
• Nasopharyngeal – Further deeper inside the nose, adjoining the throat.
• Oropharyngeal – Deep inside the throat in the pharyngeal region, just below the mouth.

Saliva samples are also collected by the patient spitting into a sterile tube.

What is the Rt-PCR test for Covid-19?

Rt-PCR stands for Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a highly sensitive, quantitative test for detecting even trace amounts of any viral or bacterial genetic material within the sample.

This test is the gold standard for Covid-19 virus detection and has been approved for use since February 2020.

The basic steps of an Rt-PCR test are as follows.

Extraction

The sample collected is extracted to isolate the genetic materials, typically done by adding chemicals and peptides that dispose of any proteins or chemical particles from the sample leaving behind pure genetic materials only like RNA or DNA for analysis.

Reverse transcriptase

This is an enzyme that is capable of transcribing complementary DNA strands from a single mRNA strand. This cDNA strand is then amplified and detected using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. This test typically can detect even a minuscule amount of RNA (as SARS-CoV is an RNA-containing virus) present within the sample and is highly specific.

The basic ingredients used for PCR set-up are as follows:

1. A DNA template strand to bind to the target region of DNA and then to amplify. For Covid-19 generally, the ORF1ab gene is used as a target. This is a SARS-COV gene found in its nucleocapsid region.
2. A heat-stable DNA polymerase enzyme that can synthesise new DNA strands from the mother cDNA. Generally, heat-resistant Taq polymerase isolated from thermophilic bacteria residing in volcanic regions is used for this purpose.
3. Two types of DNA primers that are complementary to both the strands of the target DNA, as DNA polymerase can only bind and amplify double-stranded DNA only. Primers are single-stranded DNA fragments that are smaller in size but site-specific. Primers specific to target DNA strands are prepared in biochemical laboratories and supplied to customers.
4. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates or dNTPs, are the units of DNA. These dNTPs are polymerized by polymerase enzymes into the new DNA strands.
5. A suitable buffer solution for providing an optimal chemical atmosphere for the reactions.
6. Magnesium (Mg2+) or Manganese (Mn2+) cations

PCR reaction is carried within small Eppendorf tubes of approx 0.5 mL volume, within a thermal cycler. This cycler can control accurate temperatures within the reaction centre and heats and cools the tubes according to the required steps.

PCR reaction consists of repeated extreme changes in temperatures from 20 to 40 thermal cycles for a certain amount of time. These changes depend on several factors like the temperature sensitivity of the enzymes used, melting temperature (the temperature at which the double-stranded DNA separates from each other) of the DNA primers, and concentration of the Mg/Mn cations and the dNTPs.

The steps of PCR or polymerase chain reaction are as follows:

Initialization: This step includes heating the reaction chamber to a high temperature of 94–98 °C for 10 minutes to activate the Taq polymerase enzyme that reacts at this optimum temperature. This initiates the PCR.

Denaturation: This is the first step of the thermal cycle. The reaction chamber is heated to 94–98 °C and kept at it for 20 – 30 seconds. At this stage, the template DNA strands (obtained from the Reverse transcriptase stage) melt, separating from each other due to breakage of the Hydrogen bonds connecting the complementary bases resulting in two fragments of single-stranded DNAs.

Annealing: At this step, the temperature is dropped to 50–65 °C and kept at it for 20–40 seconds. As the DNA strands cool down, the primers bind to their complementary target site of the denatured DNA template strands. The temperature and holding time are very crucial, as they should facilitate the perfect hybridization of the primer with the template. The optimal temperature is generally 3–5 °C below the melting temperature of the primer DNA. A temperature lower than that will result in erroneous binding resulting in wrong DNA synthesis, whereas a higher temperature will prevent any binding at all.

Extension or elongation: This temperature depends upon the polymerase enzyme used for DNA synthesis. Taq polymerase acts at an optimum temperature of 75–80 °C (preferably 72° C). The time for complete elongation of the cDNA strand varies on the type of polymerase enzyme used, as well as the length of the target DNA. In general, it is supposed that a single polymerase enzyme can bond about a thousand bases every minute, and under the perfect conditions at each elongation step the total nos. of template DNA strands is doubled. Therefore, after the completion of each cycle, the starting amount of DNA is to be doubled exponentially.

Final elongation: After completion of the required thermal cycles, at this penultimate step, the temperature is kept at 70–74° C for 5 to 15 mins. This step is conducted to make sure any leftover single-stranded DNA can be extended completely.

Final hold: At the final step, the reaction centre is finally cooled to 4–15° C and can be stored temporarily.

Real-Time Rt-PCR

The Covid-19 Rt-PCR test has a real-time variation. Real-time Rt-PCR is a modified version for quantifying the amount of DNA amplified after each cycle of PCR using spectrofluorometry. In the reaction mixture, a site-specific probe is added; the most commonly used is the TaqMan probe. It has a fluorescent molecule and a quencher molecule added at two ends. The quencher is a molecule that absorbs any fluorescence from the fluorophore and hence the probe is undetected at the primary stage.

During subsequent steps, the probe attaches itself to the target DNA, but during the elongation step, the probe is denatured by the DNA polymerase, freeing the fluorophore from the quencher. Hence, we can see that as the cycles of PCR progress, more DNA is amplified and more fluorophore is accumulated. This fluorescence is detected and quantified using a spectrofluorometer and thus helps in quantitative analysis.

Time duration for Rt-PCR test result

Typically a Covid-19 test result is available within 24 hours of sampling, but the duration varies depending upon the sample load, the time taken by the sample to reach the testing site, and indication of false test results.

Interpretation of Covid-19 Rt-PCR test results

Studies show the Rt-PCR test gives the most accurate results when tested within 3 days after infection as the viral load slowly decreases after a week of the infection.

A positive test should result in the immediate isolation of the infected person and the administering of proper medication, as advised by a doctor. Most people, like those with asymptomatic infections or those with moderate symptoms, can heal and recover at home without medical intervention.

But one must seek immediate medical care in case of the following symptoms:

• Breathing difficulty
• Confusion
• Chest pain
• Blue coloration of lips or face
• Heavy chest pressure
• Feeling sleepy and drowsy

A negative test result indicates that the person wasn’t infected before the sample collection, but it in no way confirms subsequent infection and hence one should follow strict protocols like social distancing and wearing masks all the time.

What is meant by Ct values for RT-PCR test results?

The Ct-value in an Rt-PCR test result stands for ‘cycle threshold’ of the coronavirus and is an indication of the viral load within the patient. With the emergence of various mutated variants of the SARS-CoV 2 virus and its proximity to human coronavirus, Ct-value is crucial for disease diagnosis.

A Ct-value less than 35 is considered to be a positive result whereas those higher than 35 are negative. Ct-value indicates the numbers of cycles of RT-PCR needed to be run to detect a positive coronavirus. Hence, a cut-off value of 35 indicates a total of 35 cycles of RT-PCR is run before any detectable amount of viral genetic material is found.

A lesser value indicates a higher concentration of viral genes present within the sample and hence deems the person as highly contagious.

Importance of Ct-value

The Ct-value can be indicative of the transmission potential of the person tested. In simple words, a higher concentration of viral materials in one’s throat and nasal cavity means he will more easily spread the virus than those with a lesser value. Hence, it is important in assessing the prevalence of infection in a particular region.

Also, studies indicate that there is no direct link between a lower Ct value with the mortality rate or the severity of the coronavirus infection. It is linked only with the time of infection and onset of the symptoms and infectivity, so there is no need to panic when one gets a lower Ct-value in a Covid-19 test result.

Can the Covid-19 Rt-PCR test differentiate between different mutated variants of SARS-CoV2?

The SARS-CoV2 is a highly mutable strain of the virus and has resulted in various genetic mutated strains, like the Omicron and delta variants.
Presently, the RT-PCR for Covid-19 can only identify the SARS-CoV2 virus broadly and no authorised tests kits to identify mutated strains are available yet.

The mutated species show different serological, antigenic, and genetic properties and can impact the test results. So, it is advised to consider the patient’s history, clinical symptoms, and epidemiological impact even if the test results are negative.

Repeated testing with alternative genetic targets of Covid-19 as authorised by the FDA, is to be done as different variants may contain different genetic markers and can remain undetected.

Conclusion

Rapid and accurate identification of Covid-19 is the primary tool for decreasing the coronavirus pandemic.

One should always be alert by avoiding crowded gatherings and using face masks and monitoring possible symptoms for the safety of oneself as well as the community.